PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF INDIA
1. The Himalayan range of mountains
2. The Peninsular plateau
3. The Great plain of India
4. The Islands of India.
1.
THE HIMALAYAS
·
They
are young fold mountain of tertiary period which were folded over Tethys Sea
due to intercontinental collision.
·
These
extend for about 2500 km between Indus and Brahmaputra gorges from west to east
in an arc shaped manner.
·
The
upliftment of Himalayas is believed to have taken place in three main phases
after upliftment of karakoram and associated ranges during cretaceous period.
·
The
first and oldest phase is formation of Inner Himalayas (formed during Oligocene
period). The second phase led to formation of Middle Himalayas (Miocene
period). The third and latest phase was formation of Outer Himalayas (post-Pliocene
period).
(A) Outer Himalaya
·
Its
vedic name is Siwalik. It is youngest and lowest range of Himalaya.
·
The
height of this range varies between 600 m to 1500 m, but rarely exceeds 650 m.
·
Siwaliks
are characterized by fault scraps, anticlinical crests and synclinical hills.
Important Hills of Siwalik Range
·
Dafla,
Miri, Abor, Mishmi and Patkai in Arunachal Pradesh.
·
Dhang
range, Dundwa range, Churia and Muria Ghats in Nepal.
·
Jammu
hills in Jammu & Kashmir.
(B) Middle Himalaya or
Lesser Himalaya
·
The
Middle Himalaya forms the most intricate an rugged mountainous system, 60-80 km
wide and 3700 m to 4500 m high.
·
Its
vedic name is Himachal.
·
Most
of the hill stations such as Dalhousie, Manali, Shimla, Nainital, Musoorie,
Darjeeling, etc. are located in this range.
·
On
Dhauladhar are situated the hill stations of Shimlaand Panjal.
·
The
Kashmir valley which is about 150 km long and 80 km wide lies between the Pir Panjal
and the Zaskar ranges.
·
From
west to east middle Himalaya is divided into following ranges:
(i) Pirpanjal range
(J&K ): it is longest range of the Middle Himalaya.
(ii) Dhauladhar range
(Himachal Pradesh)
(iii) Musoorie range
(Uttarakhand)
(iv) Nagtiba range (Nepal)
(v) Mahabharat range
(Nepal)
Important Passes in Middle Himalaya
Pass Location Connectivity
Pirpanjal pass J&K Jammu- Srinagar road
passes from this pass.
Banihal pass J&K Jammu-Srinagar NH-1A
passes from this pass. Jawahar tunnel (India’s longest road tunnel)
is situated on this pass.
Rohtang pass HP Kullu-Keylang road
passes from this pass.
(c) Inner Himalaya or Greater Himalaya
Its Vedic names are
Himadri & Bahirgiri. It is the highest mountain range of the world. Its
average height is 6100 m.
Important Peaks in inner Himalaya
1. Mt. Everest (8848 m) : it is known as Sagarmatha in Nepal and
Chomolangma in China. It is the highest peak of the world located in Nepal.
2. Mount K-2 (8611 m): it is also known as Godwin Austin or
Qagir. It is the 2nd highest peak of the world located in Pak
Occupied Kashmir in Karakoram range. Mt. K-2 is highest peak of India.
3. Mt. Kunchenjanga (8598 m): it is the third highest peak of the
world and 2nd highest of Indi located in Sikkim.
4. Other important peaks: Makalu (8481 m), Nepal; Dhaulagiri
(8172 m), Nepal; Manasalu (8156 m), Nepal; Choque (8153 m), Nepal ‘ Nanga
Parbat(8108 m), J&K; Kamet and Nandadevi, Uttarakhand, etc.
Hills of North Eastern States
·
Dafla
hills, Mishmi hills, Abor hills, Miri Hills and Patkai hills-Arunachal Pradesh
·
Naga
hills – Nagaland
·
Mikir
hills- Assam
·
Mizo
or Lushai hills- Mizoram
·
Garo,
Khasi and Jaintia hills- Meghalaya
TRANS HIMALAYA
·
This
region lies behind Himalayas in J& K .
·
These
are older than other ranges of Himalayas.
·
These
comprises of karakoram, Ladakh & Zaskar range. It includes lofty peaks and
big glaciers such as siachin, Baltaro, Biafo and Hispar, etc.
·
The
highest peak of karakoram range is Mt. K-2 (8611 m) which is also known as
Godwin-Austin or Qagir. The other important peak of this range is Hidden peak
(8068 m)
·
The
highest peak of Ladakh range is Mt. Rakashposhi (7788 m). Gurla Mandhata is
another important peak of this range.
·
The
kailash range is an offshoot of the Ladakh range. Its average elevation is 5500
to 6000 m. The highest peak of kailash range is Mt. kailash (6714 m).
Important Passes in
Inner Himalaya
|
S.l
|
Area
|
Location
|
Connectivity
|
|
1.
|
Karakoram pass
|
J & K
|
India to Chaina
|
|
2.
|
Burzil pass
|
J & K
|
Kashmir valley to Central Asia
|
|
3
|
Zojila pass
|
J & K
|
Srinagar to Leh
|
|
4
|
Bara Lacha-la pass
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
Mandi to leh
|
|
5
|
Shipki-la-pass
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
Shimla to Garetok (Tibet)
|
|
6
|
Mana pass
|
Uttarakhand
|
Entry to Mansarover Lake through Kailash Ghati
|
|
7
|
Niti pass
|
Uttarakhand
|
Entry to Mansarover Lake through Kailash Ghati
|
|
8
|
Lipulekh pass
|
Uttarakhand
|
Entry to Mansarover Lake through Kailash Ghati
|
|
9
|
Nathu-la pass
|
Sikkim
|
Entry to Chumbi Valley
|
|
10
|
Jelep-la-pass
|
Sikkim
|
Kalingpang (west Bengal) to Lhasa (Tibet)
|
|
11
|
Bomdi-la pass
|
Ar. Pradesh
|
|
|
12
|
Yang-yap pass
|
Ar. Pradesh
|
Entry of Brahmaputra river
|
|
13
|
Pangsad pass
|
Ar. Pradesh
|
Dibrugarh to Myanmar
|
Regional Division of
Himalaya
|
Himalayan
|
Between
|
Length
|
|
Punjab Himalaya
|
Indus & Sutlej
|
560 km
|
|
Kumaon Himalaya
|
Sutlej & Kali
|
320 km
|
|
Nepal Himalaya
|
Kali & Tista
|
800 km
|
|
Assam Himalaya
|
Tista & Dihang
|
720 km
|
2. THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU
·
It
extends from alluvial plains of UP & Bihar towards south and encompasses
whole of the peninsula.
·
It
has a general elevation of 600 to 900 m.
Important Range
·
The
Aravali range: it is one of the oldest mountain ranges of the world and is
about 700 km long. Aravalis are under the process of erosion and are called
relict mountains.
·
Vindhyan
Range: it forms flanks towards U.P between Narmada and son rivers.
·
Gir
Mountains: these are located in Kathiawar region of Gujarat.
·
Western
Ghats (Sahyadris): these are located on west coast in Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerla and Tamil Nadu.
·
Eastern
Ghats: these are located along east coast in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh &
Orissa.
·
Mahadeo
hills: these are located in M.P.
·
Ajanta
and Satmala: These are located in Maharashtra.
·
Cardamom
hills: these are southern most hill ranges of India.
Important Passes in
South India
|
Pass
|
Location
|
Connectivity
|
|
Bhorghat
|
Maharashtra
|
Bombay-Pune
|
|
Thalghat
|
Maharashtra
|
Bombay- Nasik
|
|
Palghat
|
Kerala
|
Palkhad-Coimbatore
|
|
Shenkota pass
|
Kerala
|
Kollam- Madurai
|
Important Hills of
India
|
Hill
Range
|
Peak
|
Location
|
|
Aravali
|
Gurushikhar
|
Rajasthan
|
|
Western Ghats
|
Anaimudi (Annamalai hills)
|
Kerala
|
|
Eastern Ghats
|
Deodimunda
|
Orissa
|
|
Rajmahal hills
|
Parasnath
|
West Bengal
|
|
Naga hills
|
Saramati
|
Nagaland
|
|
Andaman & Nicobar
|
Saddle peak
|
North Andaman
|
|
Do You Know?
·
Aravalis are one of the oldest
mountains of world of pre- Cambrian period and are called relict mountains.
·
Himalayas are one of the youngest
mountains formed in tertiary period and are called young fold mountains
·
Nilgiri hills of India are Block
Mountains which are also known as Blue Mountains.
·
Silent Valley is located in Western
Ghats.
·
The height of Western Ghats increases
from north towards south. Vedic name of Western Ghats is Sahyadris.
·
Western Ghats are more continuous
than eastern Ghats.
|
3. THE GREAT PLAIN OF INDIA
·
The
plain was formed as a result of filling of marine depressions by detrital material
brought by water. Plains were formed after upliftment of Himalayas. It mainly
consists of Alluvial soils.
·
Generally
the plains is recognized as consisting of following division:
(i) Bhabar: 8 to 16 km wide bhabar lies along the
foothills of Himalayas between Indus and Tista rivers. It contains pebbles
& stones which are extremely pervious small rivers and streams disappear
underground on reaching this region.
(ii) Terai: 15 to 30 km wide belt adjacent to Bhabar iscalled Terai. It is
a marshy tract and zone of excessive dampness with the thickgrowth of forests.
(iii) Bhangar: The older alluvium is called Bhangar
which is found in upper reaches of river valleys. It contains kankars and
coarser sediments. These plains are less fertile.
(iv) Khadar:the younger alluvium of the river valleys
and flood plains are called khaddar or bet. These are found mainly along the
river banks and contain finer particles or clays these are fertile.
(v) Deltaic plains: Very fine alluvial soils formed by river
deltas contain mainly clays are called deltaic plains. These are very fertile
and are suitable for jute & rice cultivation.
The Punjab Plains
The Punjab- Haryana
plain is drained by five rivers and the intervening area between the rivers is
known as doab.
From south to north doabs are as follows:
Doab
Region
Bist doab between
Beas & Sutlej
Bari doab between Beas & Ravi
Rachna doab between Chenab
& Jhelum
Chaj doab between
Chenab & Jhelum
Sind sagar doab between Jhelum &
Indus
|
Do you know?
·
Bist
doab is most fertile and lies completely within India.
·
The
mass of alluvium brought by five rivers of Punjab plain has been broken by
river courses which have carved for themselves broad flood plains of
khaddar flanked by bluffs loacally known as dhaya.
·
The
northern part of Punjab- Haryana plain adjoining the Siwalik hills has
witnessed intensive erosion leading to gully formation by a network of
streams called chaos.
|
4. THE COASTAL PLAIN
(A)West Coastal plain
·
West
coastal plain is 15 to 25 km wide and is narrower than east coastal plain.
·
West
coast is divided into 4 parts:
(i) Kathiawar coast
(Gujarat coast)
(ii) Konkan coast
(Maharashtra coast)
(iii) Cannara coast (
Karnataka coast)
(iv) Malabar coast (
Kerala coast)
·
The
Gujarat coastal plains are built up by alluvium brought by Sabarmati, Mahi,
Narmada and tapti rivers, all of which form large estuaries.
·
Malabar
coast contains lakes, lagoons and back- water locally called kayals.
·
Vembanad
Lake (Kerala) islargest of such back water lakes.
(B) East Coastal plain
·
The
east coast is mainly emergent type i.e. its outline is regular and is
characterized by offshore bars, sea beaches, sand ridges and lagoons.
·
Tamil
Nadu coast is called Coromandal coast while Orissa and west Bengal coast is
called Northen Circar Coast.
·
East
coastal plain is wider than west coastal plain and mainly deltas are formed by
big rivers.
·
Region
of Mahanadi delta is called Utkal Plain.
Differences between eastern & Western
Coast
Eastern Coast Western Coast
Smooth
outline………………….. Dissected outline
Occurrence o f
deltas………….. Occurrence of estuaries
Less
rainfall…………………………. More rainfall
Broader ………………………………
Narrower
Long
rivers……………………….... Small rivers
5. THE ISLAND OF INDIA
India has nearly 247
Island, most of which are located in two groups:
(i) Andaman and Nicobar
group
(ii) Lakshdweep group
(A) Andaman & Nicobar group
·
There
are nearly 203 island in Andaman group whereas the Nicobar group of island
consist of 7 big and 12 small islands
·
Ten
Degree Channel separates Andaman group from Nicobar group.
·
Ducan
passage separated Little Andaman group South Andaman.
·
Middle
Andaman is largest (area wise) while capital Port Blair is located in South
Andaman.
·
Saddle
peak (737 m) is the highest peak of Andaman & Nicobar and is located in
North Andaman.
·
Indira
Point (Pugmallion point) is the southern most pointof Indian territorywhich is
located in Great Nicobar.
·
It
is located in Bay of Bengal
·
Barren
Island of Andaman group is the only active volcano of India. Narcondam Island
is also volcanic island but is no. longer active
(B) Lakshadweep group
·
It
is located in Arabian Sea.
·
Though
Lakshadweep literally means one Lakh Island but it is only a group of 25 small
islands.
·
The
island north of
N are known as Amendvi Island while those
south of this latitude are called Cannanore Islands.
·
Minicoy
is the largest and southern most island of this group.
·
Minicoy
is separated from rest of the Lakshadweep by Nine Degree Channel.
·
Kavaratti
is the capital of Lakshadweep group.
·
Most
of the island are horse shoe shaped and made up of Attols (coral deposits)
·
Norther
n iosland of Lakshadweep group are also called Amindivi Islands.
·
Eight
Degree Channel separates Lakshadweep group from Maldives
(C) Other important islands
·
Newmoore
island : it is located in Bay of Bengal on the mouth of Ganga.
·
Pumban
Island: it is located in Gulf of Manner between India and Sri Lanka.
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