SSC CGL 2015:- Adjective

 

What Is an Adjective?

The simplest definition of an adjective is that it is a word that describes or clarifies a noun. Adjectives describe nouns by giving some information about an object’s size, shape, age, color, origin or material.
Examples: Black book, Lazy boy
      
An adjective can be used in two ways:
(1) Attributively : She is good teacher (Adjective is before noun)
(2) Predicatively : Bimala is intelligent. (Adjective is immediately after verb)

Types of adjectives:
1. Adjectives of Quality  ( answer the question : Of what kind?) : Delhi is a large city, He is an honest man
2. Adjectives of Quantity  ( answer the question : how much?) :I ate some rice, you have no sense
3. Adjectives of Number  ( answer the question : how many?) : The hand has five fingers, All men must die

Adjectives of number are of three kinds:

• a. Definite numeral adjectives: One, two , three  etc.  These are called cardinals.  First, second, third etc  these are called ordinals
• b. Indefinite numeral adjectives :  Which do not denote an exact number.  Eg:  all, no, many , few, any, certain, several, sundry
• c. Distributive numeral adjectives:  Which refer to each one of a number.  Eg: Each, every, Neither, Either.

Examples:
1. Each boy must take his turn
2. India expects every man to do his duty
3. Either pen will do
4. Neither accusation is true

D. Demonstrative Adjective: (answers the questions Which?)
Examples:
 1. This boy is stronger than gopal
 2. That boy is diligent
 3. These mangoes are sour
 4. I hate such things

E. Interrogative adjectives :   used to ask questions when there are used with nouns
Examples:
 1. what manner of man is he?
 2. which way shall we go?
 3. whose book is this?

F. Emphasizing adjectives:  the words own and very act as emphasizing adjectives
Examples:
 1. I saw it with my own eyes
 2. I met him in this very room

G. Exclamatory adjectives: What is sometimes used as an exclamatory adjectives
Examples:
 1. what an Idea!
 2. What a blessing!

What Do Adjectives Look Like?

English can be very tricky, so you have to be careful, but a lot of English adjectives end with these suffixes:

• -able/-ible – adorable, invisible, responsible, uncomfortable
• -al – educational, gradual, illegal, nocturnal, viral
• -an – American, Mexican, urban
• -ar – cellular, popular, spectacular, vulgar
• -ent – intelligent, potent, silent, violent
• -ful – harmful, powerful, tasteful, thoughtful
• -ic/-ical – athletic, energetic, magical, scientific
• -ine – bovine, canine, equine, feminine, masculine
• -ile – agile, docile, fertile, virile
• -ive – informative, native, talkative
• -less – careless, endless, homeless, timeless
• -ous – cautious, dangerous, enormous, malodorous
• -some – awesome, handsome, lonesome, wholesome

Adjective special

Introduction

 

The word adjective means something which is added on. Adjectives describe nouns. They add something special to the meaning of the noun.

 

Eg. – (a) Sohan is a tall guy.

(b) He is nice.

 

So, if you look at (a), the adjective ‘tall’ is used before the noun ‘guy’. So, here an adjective qualifies a noun directly.

 

An adjective that qualifies a noun directly, is used attributively.

 

In the second sentence, the adjective is placed after the verb, so, here the adjective qualifies the noun indirectly.

 

An adjective that qualifies a noun indirectly, is used predicatively.

 

 Types of adjective:-

 

(a) Adjectives of quality – honest, brave, liar, foolish etc.

 

(b) Adjectives of size, weight and shape – large, small, big, red, blue, oblique etc.

 

(c) Classifying adjectives – Russian revolution, Indian growth, Japanese technology etc.

 

(d) Intensifying adjectives – a close friend, strong allies etc.

 

(e) Limiter adjectives – a particular person, the only way, the same girl etc.

 

(f) Dynamic adjectives – calm, cruel, naughty, greedy, good etc.

 

(g) Demonstrative adjectives – a, an and the

 

Characteristics of adjective:-

 

(a) They are both attributive and predicative

 

(b) Can be pre-modified by the use of intensifier ‘very’.

 

(c) Can take comparative and superlative form.

 

(d) They can be complement to a subject.

 

(e) They can be also an object to compliment.

 

(f) Many adjectives provide the base form from which adverbs are derived.

 

Let us go through certain typical examples related to adjective.

 

Directions: find out the error if any in each of the following sentences. If there is no error in any section of the sentence, your answer will be (e).

 

Q1.    (a) It is a matter of joy / (b) to all of us that / (c) next week there is / (d) few holidays in our office.

 

Ans – (d) ‘a few’ will be used. ‘few’ means negativity., whereas ‘a few’ means positivity. In the above sentence, we need a positive one.

 

Q2.     (a) Do not rely / (b) upon him; / (c) he is a man / (d) of few words.    

 

Ans – (d) ‘few’ will be used.

 

Q3.     (a) Are there some boys / (b) in your class / (c) to support / (d) my propaganda?

 

Ans – (a) ‘any’ will be used. ‘any’ is used in interrogative sentences, rather than using ‘some’.

 

‘any’ is also used in negative sentences after if, scarcely, barely and hardly.

 

Q4.     (a) Will you / (b) purchase any / (c) pencil for / (d) my brother?

 

Ans – (b) ‘some’ will be used. Always remember that if a sentence shows the aspect of request, ‘some’ will be used. ‘some’ is used with countable nouns and with positive sentences.

 

Q5.     (a) She is the eldest / (b) cow in my village, / (c) that is why, we / (d) cannot sell her to you.

 

Ans – (a) ‘oldest’ will be used. Elder, eldest is not used for animals or thing. It is only used for persons.

 

Q6.     (a) Farther discussions / (b) will be held in / (c) our regional office / (d) on next Sunday.

 

Ans – (a) ‘further’ will be used. ‘farther’ means distant or advanced. ‘Further’ means additional.

 

Q7.     (a) The death of last / (b) Mogul Emperor / (c) was prior than / (d) the ‘Do’ or ‘Die’ movement. 

 

Ans – (c) ‘to’ will be used. Comparative adjectives ending in –or are followed by the preposition ‘to’. Eg. – inferior, superior, prior, senior, junior, anterior, posterior (07)

 

Q8.     (a) It rained / (b) each day / (c) during / (d) your absence.

 

Ans – (b) ‘every’ will be used because the number of days of absence is not given. ‘every’ is used when the number is indefinite.

 

Q9.     (a) Six women / (b) were / (c) seated on / (d) every chair.

 

Ans – (d) ‘each’ will be used because here the number of chairs is accountable.

 

Q10.   (a) She / (b) meets me/ (c) each / (d) four days.

 

Ans – (c) ‘every’ will be used.

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Adjective special

Introduction

 

The word adjective means something which is added on. Adjectives describe nouns. They add something special to the meaning of the noun.

 

Eg. – (a) Sohan is a tall guy.

(b) He is nice.

 

So, if you look at (a), the adjective ‘tall’ is used before the noun ‘guy’. So, here an adjective qualifies a noun directly.

 

An adjective that qualifies a noun directly, is used attributively.

 

In the second sentence, the adjective is placed after the verb, so, here the adjective qualifies the noun indirectly.

 

An adjective that qualifies a noun indirectly, is used predicatively.

 

 Types of adjective:-

 

(a) Adjectives of quality – honest, brave, liar, foolish etc.

 

(b) Adjectives of size, weight and shape – large, small, big, red, blue, oblique etc.

 

(c) Classifying adjectives – Russian revolution, Indian growth, Japanese technology etc.

 

(d) Intensifying adjectives – a close friend, strong allies etc.

 

(e) Limiter adjectives – a particular person, the only way, the same girl etc.

 

(f) Dynamic adjectives – calm, cruel, naughty, greedy, good etc.

 

(g) Demonstrative adjectives – a, an and the

 

Characteristics of adjective:-

 

(a) They are both attributive and predicative

 

(b) Can be pre-modified by the use of intensifier ‘very’.

 

(c) Can take comparative and superlative form.

 

(d) They can be complement to a subject.

 

(e) They can be also an object to compliment.

 

(f) Many adjectives provide the base form from which adverbs are derived.

 

Let us go through certain typical examples related to adjective.

 

Directions: find out the error if any in each of the following sentences. If there is no error in any section of the sentence, your answer will be (e).

 

Q1.    (a) It is a matter of joy / (b) to all of us that / (c) next week there is / (d) few holidays in our office.

 

Ans – (d) ‘a few’ will be used. ‘few’ means negativity., whereas ‘a few’ means positivity. In the above sentence, we need a positive one.

 

Q2.     (a) Do not rely / (b) upon him; / (c) he is a man / (d) of few words.    

 

Ans – (d) ‘few’ will be used.

 

Q3.     (a) Are there some boys / (b) in your class / (c) to support / (d) my propaganda?

 

Ans – (a) ‘any’ will be used. ‘any’ is used in interrogative sentences, rather than using ‘some’.

 

‘any’ is also used in negative sentences after if, scarcely, barely and hardly.

 

Q4.     (a) Will you / (b) purchase any / (c) pencil for / (d) my brother?

 

Ans – (b) ‘some’ will be used. Always remember that if a sentence shows the aspect of request, ‘some’ will be used. ‘some’ is used with countable nouns and with positive sentences.

 

Q5.     (a) She is the eldest / (b) cow in my village, / (c) that is why, we / (d) cannot sell her to you.

 

Ans – (a) ‘oldest’ will be used. Elder, eldest is not used for animals or thing. It is only used for persons.

 

Q6.     (a) Farther discussions / (b) will be held in / (c) our regional office / (d) on next Sunday.

 

Ans – (a) ‘further’ will be used. ‘farther’ means distant or advanced. ‘Further’ means additional.

 

Q7.     (a) The death of last / (b) Mogul Emperor / (c) was prior than / (d) the ‘Do’ or ‘Die’ movement. 

 

Ans – (c) ‘to’ will be used. Comparative adjectives ending in –or are followed by the preposition ‘to’. Eg. – inferior, superior, prior, senior, junior, anterior, posterior (07)

 

Q8.     (a) It rained / (b) each day / (c) during / (d) your absence.

 

Ans – (b) ‘every’ will be used because the number of days of absence is not given. ‘every’ is used when the number is indefinite.

 

Q9.     (a) Six women / (b) were / (c) seated on / (d) every chair.

 

Ans – (d) ‘each’ will be used because here the number of chairs is accountable.

 

Q10.   (a) She / (b) meets me/ (c) each / (d) four days.

 

Ans – (c) ‘every’ will be used.

- See more at: http://www.bankingexamseasy.com/content/banking-english-adjective-special-part-i#sthash.3akG9UnR.dpuf

Adjective special

Introduction

 

The word adjective means something which is added on. Adjectives describe nouns. They add something special to the meaning of the noun.

 

Eg. – (a) Sohan is a tall guy.

(b) He is nice.

 

So, if you look at (a), the adjective ‘tall’ is used before the noun ‘guy’. So, here an adjective qualifies a noun directly.

 

An adjective that qualifies a noun directly, is used attributively.

 

In the second sentence, the adjective is placed after the verb, so, here the adjective qualifies the noun indirectly.

 

An adjective that qualifies a noun indirectly, is used predicatively.

 

 Types of adjective:-

 

(a) Adjectives of quality – honest, brave, liar, foolish etc.

 

(b) Adjectives of size, weight and shape – large, small, big, red, blue, oblique etc.

 

(c) Classifying adjectives – Russian revolution, Indian growth, Japanese technology etc.

 

(d) Intensifying adjectives – a close friend, strong allies etc.

 

(e) Limiter adjectives – a particular person, the only way, the same girl etc.

 

(f) Dynamic adjectives – calm, cruel, naughty, greedy, good etc.

 

(g) Demonstrative adjectives – a, an and the

 

Characteristics of adjective:-

 

(a) They are both attributive and predicative

 

(b) Can be pre-modified by the use of intensifier ‘very’.

 

(c) Can take comparative and superlative form.

 

(d) They can be complement to a subject.

 

(e) They can be also an object to compliment.

 

(f) Many adjectives provide the base form from which adverbs are derived.

 

Let us go through certain typical examples related to adjective.

 

Directions: find out the error if any in each of the following sentences. If there is no error in any section of the sentence, your answer will be (e).

 

Q1.    (a) It is a matter of joy / (b) to all of us that / (c) next week there is / (d) few holidays in our office.

 

Ans – (d) ‘a few’ will be used. ‘few’ means negativity., whereas ‘a few’ means positivity. In the above sentence, we need a positive one.

 

Q2.     (a) Do not rely / (b) upon him; / (c) he is a man / (d) of few words.    

 

Ans – (d) ‘few’ will be used.

 

Q3.     (a) Are there some boys / (b) in your class / (c) to support / (d) my propaganda?

 

Ans – (a) ‘any’ will be used. ‘any’ is used in interrogative sentences, rather than using ‘some’.

 

‘any’ is also used in negative sentences after if, scarcely, barely and hardly.

 

Q4.     (a) Will you / (b) purchase any / (c) pencil for / (d) my brother?

 

Ans – (b) ‘some’ will be used. Always remember that if a sentence shows the aspect of request, ‘some’ will be used. ‘some’ is used with countable nouns and with positive sentences.

 

Q5.     (a) She is the eldest / (b) cow in my village, / (c) that is why, we / (d) cannot sell her to you.

 

Ans – (a) ‘oldest’ will be used. Elder, eldest is not used for animals or thing. It is only used for persons.

 

Q6.     (a) Farther discussions / (b) will be held in / (c) our regional office / (d) on next Sunday.

 

Ans – (a) ‘further’ will be used. ‘farther’ means distant or advanced. ‘Further’ means additional.

 

Q7.     (a) The death of last / (b) Mogul Emperor / (c) was prior than / (d) the ‘Do’ or ‘Die’ movement. 

 

Ans – (c) ‘to’ will be used. Comparative adjectives ending in –or are followed by the preposition ‘to’. Eg. – inferior, superior, prior, senior, junior, anterior, posterior (07)

 

Q8.     (a) It rained / (b) each day / (c) during / (d) your absence.

 

Ans – (b) ‘every’ will be used because the number of days of absence is not given. ‘every’ is used when the number is indefinite.

 

Q9.     (a) Six women / (b) were / (c) seated on / (d) every chair.

 

Ans – (d) ‘each’ will be used because here the number of chairs is accountable.

 

Q10.   (a) She / (b) meets me/ (c) each / (d) four days.

 

Ans – (c) ‘every’ will be used.

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SSC CGL 2015:- General Awareness

Countries, their capitals and currencies

Country Name	Capital	Currency
Afghanistan	Kabul	Afghani
Albania	Tirane	Lek
Algeria	Algiers	Dinar
Andorra	Andorra la Vella	Euro
Angola	Luanda	New Kwanza
Antigua and Barbuda	Saint John's	East Caribbean dollar
Argentina	Buenos Aires	Peso
Armenia	Yerevan	Dram
Australia	Canberra	Australian dollar
Austria	Vienna	Euro (formerly schilling)
Azerbaijan	Baku	Manat
The Bahamas	Nassau	Bahamian dollar
Bahrain	Manama	Bahrain dinar
Bangladesh	Dhaka	Taka
Barbados	Bridgetown	Barbados dollar
Belarus	Minsk	Belorussian ruble
Belgium	Brussels	Euro (formerly Belgian franc)
Belize	Belmopan	Belize dollar
Benin	Porto-Novo	CFA Franc
Bhutan	Thimphu	Ngultrum
Bolivia	La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)	Boliviano
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	Marka
Botswana	Gaborone	Pula
Brazil	Brasilia	Real
Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan	Brunei dollar
Bulgaria	Sofia	Lev
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou	CFA Franc
Burundi	Bujumbura	Burundi franc
Cambodia	Phnom Penh	Riel
Cameroon	Yaounde	CFA Franc
Canada	Ottawa	Canadian dollar
Cape Verde	Praia	Cape Verdean escudo
Central African Republic	Bangui	CFA Franc
Chad	N'Djamena	CFA Franc
Chile	Santiago	Chilean Peso
China	Beijing	Yuan/Renminbi
Colombia	Bogota	Colombian Peso
Comoros	Moroni	Franc
Congo, Republic of the	Brazzaville	CFA Franc
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Kinshasa	Congolese franc
Costa Rica	San Jose	Colón
Cote d'Ivoire	Yamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)	CFA Franc
Croatia	Zagreb	Kuna
Cuba	Havana	Cuban Peso
Cyprus	Nicosia	Cyprus pound
Czech Republic	Prague	Koruna
Denmark	Copenhagen	Krone
Djibouti	Djibouti	Djibouti franc
Dominica	Roseau	East Caribbean dollar
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	Dominican Peso
East Timor (Timor-Leste)	Dili	U.S. dollar
Ecuador	Quito	U.S. dollar
Egypt	Cairo	Egyptian pound
El Salvador	San Salvador	Colón; U.S. dollar
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo	CFA Franc
Eritrea	Asmara	Nakfa
Estonia	Tallinn	Kroon
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	Birr
Fiji	Suva	Fiji dollar
Finland	Helsinki	Euro (formerly markka)
France	Paris	Euro (formerly French franc)
Gabon	Libreville	CFA Franc
The Gambia	Banjul	Dalasi
Georgia	Tbilisi	Lari
Germany	Berlin	Euro (formerly Deutsche mark)
Ghana	Accra	Cedi
Greece	Athens	Euro (formerly drachma)
Grenada	Saint George's	East Caribbean dollar
Guatemala	Guatemala City	Quetzal
Guinea	Conakry	Guinean franc
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	CFA Franc
Guyana	Georgetown	Guyanese dollar
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	Gourde
Honduras	Tegucigalpa	Lempira
Hungary	Budapest	Forint
Iceland	Reykjavik	Icelandic króna
India	New Delhi	Rupee
Indonesia	Jakarta	Rupiah
Iran	Tehran	Rial
Iraq	Baghdad	Iraqi Dinar
Ireland	Dublin	Euro (formerly Irish pound [punt])
Israel	Jerusalem*	Shekel
Italy	Rome	Euro (formerly lira)
Jamaica	Kingston	Jamaican dollar
Japan	Tokyo	Yen
Jordan	Amman	Jordanian dinar
Kazakhstan	Astana	Tenge
Kenya	Nairobi	Kenya shilling
Kiribati	Tarawa Atoll	Australian dollar
Korea, North	Pyongyang	Won
Korea, South	Seoul	Won
Kosovo	Pristina	Euro (German Mark prior to 2002)
Kuwait	Kuwait City	Kuwaiti dinar
Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek	Som
Laos	Vientiane	New Kip
Latvia	Riga	Lats
Lebanon	Beirut	Lebanese pound
Lesotho	Maseru	Maluti
Liberia	Monrovia	Liberian dollar
Libya	Tripoli	Libyan dinar
Liechtenstein	Vaduz	Swiss franc
Lithuania	Vilnius	Litas
Luxembourg	Luxembourg	Euro (formerly Luxembourg franc)
Macedonia	Skopje	Denar
Madagascar	Antananarivo	Malagasy franc
Malawi	Lilongwe	Kwacha
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Ringgit
Maldives	Male	Rufiya
Mali	Bamako	CFA Franc
Malta	Valletta	Maltese lira
Marshall Islands	Majuro	U.S. Dollar
Mauritania	Nouakchott	Ouguiya
Mauritius	Port Louis	Mauritian rupee
Mexico	Mexico City	Mexican peso
Micronesia, Federated States of	Palikir	U.S. Dollar
Moldova	Chisinau	Leu
Monaco	Monaco	Euro
Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar	Tugrik
Montenegro	Podgorica	Euro
Morocco	Rabat	Dirham
Mozambique	Maputo	Metical
Myanmar (Burma)	Rangoon (Yangon); Naypyidaw or Nay Pyi Taw (administrative)	Kyat
Namibia	Windhoek	Namibian dollar
Nauru	no official capital; government offices in Yaren District	Australian dollar
Nepal	Kathmandu	Nepalese rupee
Netherlands	Amsterdam; The Hague (seat of government)	Euro (formerly guilder)
New Zealand	Wellington	New Zealand dollar
Nicaragua	Managua	Gold cordoba
Niger	Niamey	CFA Franc
Nigeria	Abuja	Naira
Norway	Oslo	Norwegian krone
Oman	Muscat	Omani rial
Pakistan	Islamabad	Pakistani rupee
Palau	Melekeok	U.S. dollar
Panama	Panama City	balboa; U.S. dollar
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby	Kina
Paraguay	Asuncion	Guaraní
Peru	Lima	Nuevo sol (1991)
Philippines	Manila	Peso
Poland	Warsaw	Zloty
Portugal	Lisbon	Euro (formerly escudo)
Qatar	Doha	Qatari riyal
Romania	Bucharest	Leu
Russia	Moscow	Ruble
Rwanda	Kigali	Rwanda franc
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	East Caribbean dollar
Saint Lucia	Castries	East Caribbean dollar
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown	East Caribbean dollar
Samoa	Apia	Tala
San Marino	San Marino	Euro
Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome	Dobra
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Riyal
Senegal	Dakar	CFA Franc
Serbia	Belgrade	Yugoslav new dinar. In Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal
Seychelles	Victoria	Seychelles rupee
Sierra Leone	Freetown	Leone
Singapore	Singapore	Singapore dollar
Slovakia	Bratislava	Koruna
Slovenia	Ljubljana	Slovenian tolar; euro (as of 1/1/07)
Solomon Islands	Honiara	Solomon Islands dollar
Somalia	Mogadishu	Somali shilling
South Africa	Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)	Rand
South Sudan	Juba	Sudanese Pound
Spain	Madrid	Euro (formerly peseta)
Sri Lanka	Colombo; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative)	Sri Lanka rupee
Sudan	Khartoum	Dinar
Suriname	Paramaribo	Surinamese dollar
Swaziland	Mbabane	Lilangeni
Sweden	Stockholm	Krona
Switzerland	Bern	Swiss franc
Syria	Damascus	Syrian pound
Taiwan	Taipei	Taiwan dollar
Tajikistan	Dushanbe	somoni
Tanzania	Dar es Salaam; Dodoma (legislative)	Tanzanian shilling
Thailand	Bangkok	baht
Togo	Lome	CFA Franc
Tonga	Nuku'alofa	Pa'anga
Trinidad and Tobago	Port-of-Spain	Trinidad and Tobago dollar
Tunisia	Tunis	Tunisian dinar
Turkey	Ankara	Turkish lira (YTL)
Turkmenistan	Ashgabat	Manat
Tuvalu	Vaiaku village, Funafuti province	Australian dollar
Uganda	Kampala	Ugandan new shilling
Ukraine	Kyiv	Hryvna
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	U.A.E. dirham
United Kingdom	London	Pound sterling
United States of America	Washington D.C.	dollar
Uruguay	Montevideo	Uruguay peso
Uzbekistan	Tashkent	Uzbekistani sum
Vanuatu	Port-Vila	Vatu
Vatican City (Holy See)	Vatican City	Euro
Venezuela	Caracas	Bolivar
Vietnam	Hanoi	Dong
Yemen	Sanaa	Rial
Zambia	Lusaka	Kwacha
Zimbabwe	Harare	Zimbabwean dollar

SSC CGL & Bank Po/Clerk:- Important International Organization

List of Important UN organizations

Food and Agriculture Organization	Director-General – José Graziano da Silva, Brazil (2012–present)
International Atomic Energy Agency	Director-General – Yukiya Amano, Japan (2009–present)
International Civil Aviation Organization	President of the Council – Roberto Kobeh Gonzalez, Mexico (2006–present)Secretary-General – Raymond Benjamin, France (2009–present)
International Labour Organization	Director-General – Guy Ryder, UK (2012–present)
United Nations	Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon, South Korea (2007–present)
United Nations	President of the General AssemblyVukJeremic, Serbia (2012–2013) John William Ashe, Antigua and Barbuda (2013-2014)
United Nations	Security Council members – China, France, Russia,Security Council members – China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States (permanent members) Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan, Togo (elected for 2012–2013)  Argentina, Australia, Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Rwanda (elected for 2013–2014) United Kingdom, United States (permanent members)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)	Executive Director – Anthony Lake, United States (2010–present)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)	Director-General – Irina Bokova, Bulgaria (2009–present)
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights	High Commissioner – NavanethemPillay, South Africa (2008–present)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)	High Commissioner – AntónioGuterres, Portugal (2005–present)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)	Director-general – KandehYumkella, Sierra Leone (2005–present)
World Food Programme (WFP)	Executive Director – JosetteSheeran, United States (2007–present)
World Health Organization (WHO)	Director-General – Margaret Chan, China (acting) (2007–present)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)	President – Alexander Bedritsky, Russia (2003–present)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)	Secretary-General – Michel Jarraud, France (2004–present)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)	Secretary-General – TalebRifai, Jordan (2010–present)

International Political and Economic Organizations Heads for Bank Exams

Arab League	Secretary-General – Nabil Elaraby, Egypt (2011–present)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)	Executive Director – Muhamad Noor, Malaysia (2010–present)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)	Secretary-General – Le Luong Minh, Vietnam (2013–present)
Central American Parliament	President – DorindoCortéz, Panama (2010–present)
Common Market of East and Southern Africa (COMESA)	Secretary-General – SindisoNgwenya, Zimbabwe (2008–present)
Commonwealth of Nations	Head – Queen Elizabeth II (1952–present), Secretary-General – Kamalesh Sharma, India (2008–present)
Commonwealth of Independent States	Executive Secretary – Sergei Lebedev, Russia (2007–present)
Council of Europe	Secretary General – ThorbjørnJagland, Norway (2009–present)
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)	MevlütÇavuşoğlu, Turkey (2010–present)
President of the European Court of Human Rights	Jean-Paul Costa, France (2007–present)
East African Community	Secretary-General – Richard Sezibera, Rwanda (2011–present)
European Union (EU)	Presidency of the European Council – Herman Van Rompuy (2009–present)
European Ombudsman	NikiforosDiamandouros, Greece (2003–present)
President of the Committee of the Regions (CoR)	Peter Straub, Germany (2004–present)
President of the European Investment Bank (EIB)	Werner Hoyer, Germany (2012–present)
President of the European Court of Justice (ECJ)	VassiliosSkouris, Greece (2003–present)
President of the European Court of Auditors	Hubert Weber, Austria (2005–present)
President of the Economic and Social Committee (ESC) –	Anne-Marie Sigmund, Austria (2004–present)
Group of Eight (G8)	President (informal) – David Cameron, United Kingdom (2013)
Indian Ocean Commission	Secretary-General – Monique Andreas Esoavekomandroso, Madagascar (2004–present)
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)	Chairman – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran (2012–present)
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation	Secretary-General – Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Denmark (2009–present)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)	Secretary-General – José ÁngelGurría, Mexico (2006–present)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)	Secretary-General – LambertoZannier, Italy (2011–present)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation	Secretary-General – Ahmed Saleem, Maldives (2012–present)
Southern African Development Community-Executive Secretary	TomazSalomão, Mozambique (2005–present)
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)	Secretary-General – Roberto Azevêdo, Brazil (2013–present)
World Trade Organization (WTO)	Director-General – Roberto Azevêdo, Brazil (2013–present)

SSC CGL 2015:- About International Organization

UN had its origin in August, 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks Conference where the representatives of USA, UK, USSR and China met to form an association for the maintenance of international peace and security. Finally, on June 26, 1945, the charter of the United Nations was signed in a conference called at “San Fransisco”, which included the representatives of 51 states. The charter then came into force on 24 Octobar, 1945; thus 24 October has been celebrated as the UN day.

Headquarters, Flag, Languages: United Nation’s Headquarter is situated in Manhattan Island of New York and the European office at Geneva.The Flag of the UNO was adopted in Octobar 1947. The flag includes white UN emblem (two bent olive branches, open at the top and between them is the world map) on a light blue background. the flag was adopted by the UNO in Octobar, 1947. Official Language of UNO are French, Chinese, English, Russian, Arabic and Spanish. While the working languages are only French and English.

Aims and Objectives of UNO: The main objectives of UNO are:

• To maintain international peace and security.
• To develop spirit of co-operation and friendly relations among the nations.
• To promote respect for human rights, dignity and freedom.
• To solve international problems of social, economic, agricultural and humanitarian character.
• To employ international machinery for the promotion of economic and social advancement of all people.

Organs of the UN:

There are six main organs of UN:1. General Assembly : It is the main body of UN and consists of the representatives of all the states. Each state may send 5 representatives in the general assembly but has only 1 vote. It meets regularly once a year, special and emergency sessions can also be sumoned at the request of security council. Decision of an important matters are taken by the 2/3rd majority,

while in simple matters, only simple majority is enough. The assembly may discuss any matter within the scope of charter except those already referred to the Security Council. The assembly generally discusses ways of preserving peace, economic development and social progress, well being of people, peaceful use of atomic energy, human right etc. It elects its own President & Vice-President every year.

Functional of General Assembly:

• The membership of new states is done by the general assembly on the recommendation of Security Council.
• The Judges of the International Court of Justice are elected by general assembly.
• It elects the non-permanent members of security council, members of Economic and Social Council, and certain members of Trusteeship Council.
• It passes entire budget of UNO.

2. Security Council : It is the executive body of UN which is responsible for maintaining international peace in the world. Its session can be summoned at 24 hour notice and if functions almost continuously. the council consists of 15 members–5 permanent (USA, UK; Russia, France and China) and 10 non- ermanent members which are elected for a term of 2 years by the General Assembly. the distribution of the numbers of non-permanent members are (1) Five members from Asian and African countries (2) two from latin American countries (3) two from western Europes and other (which implies commonwealth countries) (4) and one from east European countries. Each member of the Security Council has one vote. The approval of all permanent members is necessary. If any permanent member casts a “Veto” to show its disagreement, then no decision can be taken. The number of affirmative votes needed for a decision are atleast nine which includes the vote of 5 permanent members. In the event of a threat to peace or occurence of war between two or more countries, the security council has the power to take appropriate measures to restore peace and security.
3. Economic and Social Council : The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the welfare council which coordiantes the economic and social activities of the United Nations and its specialised agencies and other organisations. This council meets at least thrice a year. It is composed of 54 members. General Assembly elects one-third members of ECOSOC every year for a period of 3 years. ECOSOC takes decision by a majority of those members present and voting. ECOSOC seeks to build a world of greater prosperity, stability and justice.
4. The Trusteeship Council : The Prime responsibility of this council is to supervise the administration of those territories which were placed under the International Trusteeship System. This council of UNO is also known as ‘Protector of Dependent People’ who are not yet able to Govern themselves. It consists of member of states administering trust territories and permanent members of the security council nto administering territories. Under the charter, the member states have to accept certain obligations to promote their development and to protect their interest and security so long as the trustee territories are not able to govern themselves.
   At present, USA is the only administering trust territory. So, the Trusteeship Council consists of only permanent members. This council meets at least once in a year.
5. Secretariat : All day today functions of the UN are performed by the Secretariat. the Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General who is the chief Administrative Officer, and he is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of Security Council for a five-year term, which is renewable. It is his duty to implement all resolutions passed by the Security Council or the General Assembly. He makes the annual report of General Assembly and also bring to the notice of security council about any matter threatening the maintenance of international peace and Security.

Secretary General : Ban Ki Moom

• International Monetary Fund (IMF) : HQ – Washington, D.C. The IMF came into existence in December 1945, as one among the Bretton Wood twins when the first 29 countries signed its Articles of Agreement. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organisation that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments. An unwritten rule establishes that the IMF’s managing director must be non-Italian European and that the president of the World Bank must be from the United States. IMF describes itself as “an organisation of 188 countries.
• World Bank Group : HQ–Washington, D.C. The World Bank Group is a group of five international organisations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and eliminating poverty. The Bank came into formal existence on 27 December, 1945 following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements, it approved its first loan to France for postwar reconstruction. The World Bank Group consists of:
  • The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), established in 1945, which provides debt financing on the basis of sovereign guarantees;
  • The International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, which provides various forms of financing without sovereign guarantees, primarily to the private sector;
  • The International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, which provides concessional financing (interest-free loans or grants), usually with sovereign guarantees;
  • The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established in 1988, which provides insurance against certain types of risk, including political risk, primarily to the private sector; and
  • The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), established in 1966, which works with governments to reduce investment risk.
• Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) : HQ–Rome, Italy.
  The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. FAO was founded on 16 October 1945, in Quebec City, Canada. In 1951 its hadquarters were moved from Washington, D.C., United States, to Rome, Italy. As of 17 November 2007, it had 191 members (plus one member organisation, the European Community and one associate member, the Faroe Islands).
• International Labour Organisation (ILO) : HQ-Geneva, Switzerland. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. The ILO hosts the International Labour Conference in Geneva every year in June. The organisation received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969. Its secretariat is known as the International Labour Office. Its a tripartite intergovernmental body of governments, employers and workers.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) : HQ-Paris, France. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter. As of October 2007, UNESCO had 193 member states and 6 associate members.
• International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) : HQ–Montreal, Canada. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations set up in 1944, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. The ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation, followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonly known as the Chicago Convention.
• World Health Organisation (WHO) : HQ-Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organisation (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordianting authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the League of Nations. WHO complies the widely followed International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) : HQ-Vienna, Austria. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established as an autonomous organisation on July 29, 1957. It seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower envisioned, in his “Atoms for Peace” speech before the UN General Assembly in 1953, the creation of this international body to control and develop the use of atomic energy.
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU) : HQ–Paris, France. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an international organisation established to standardise and regulate international radio and telecommunications. It was founded as the International Telegraph Union in Paris in May 17, 1865, and is today the World’s oldest international organisation. Its main tasks include standardization, allocation of the radio spectrum, and organising interconnection arrangements between different countries to allow international phone calls.
• Universal Postal Union (UPU) : HQ–Berne, Switzerland The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is an international organisation that coordiantes postal policies between member nations, and hence the worldwide postal system. Each member country agrees to the same set of terms for conducting international postal duties. It is the second oldest, international organisation (after the ITU). It was created in 1874, under the name “General Postal Union”, as a result of the Treaty of Berne signed on 9 October 1874. In 1878, the name was changed to “Universal Postal Union”.
• International Maritime Organisation (IMO) : HQ–London, U.K The International Maritime Organisation (IMO), formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), was established in 1948, through the United Nations to coordinate international maritime safety and related practices. However the IMO did not enter into full force until 1958. The IMO promotes cooperation among government and the shipping industry to improve maritime safety and to prevent marine pollution.
• World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) : HQ–Geneva, Switzerland. The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is the UN system’s authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, and the climate produces or the resulting distribution of water resources. It originated from the International Meteorological Organisation (IMO), which was founded in 1873. Established in 1950, WMO became the specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. The WMO helped create the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It is also directly responsible for the creation of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW).
• Interpol (International Criminal Police Organisation) : HQ–Lyon, France
  Established as International Criminal Police Commission in 1923 to assist international criminal police co-operation. Its work focuses primarily on public safety, terrorism, organised crime etc. It is the world’s third largest international organisation after UN and FIFA.
• International Court of Justice (ICJ) : HQ-The Hague, The Netherlands The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges elected to nine year terms by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council from a list of persons, nominated by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. All 192 UN members are automatically parties to the Court’s statute. Article 94 establishes the duty of all UN members to comply with decisions of the Court involving them. If parties do not comply, the issue may be taken before the Security Council for enforcement action. It conducts its business in English and French.
• International Criminal Court (ICC) : HQ–The Hague, The Netherlands. It is a court created under the Rome Statute of 2002 as an independent, permanent court that tries persons accused of the most serious crimes of international concern, namely genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The ICC is based on a treaty, joined by 104 countries. The ICC s a court of last resort. It will not act if a case is investigated or prosecuted by a national judicial system unless the national proceedings are not genuine. In addition, the ICC only tries those accused of the gravest crimes.
• Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) : HQ–The Hague, The Netherlands. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an international agency. Its mission is to promote membership of the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty which entered into force in 1997 and mandated the elimination of “the scourge of chemical weapons forever and to verify the destruction of the declared chemical weapons stockpiles within stipulated deadlines”.
• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) : HQ–New York City, USA The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) was created on December 11, 1946. In 1953, its name was shortened from United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. UNICEF provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) : HQ–Vienna, Austria. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a United Nations agency which was founded in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention with the intent to fight drugs and crime on an international level. This intent is fulfilled through three primary functions: research, lobbying state government to adopt various crime and drug based laws and treaties and assistance of said governments on the ground level. In October 2002, the United Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) was merged into the UNODC.
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) : HQ–Geneva, Switzerland. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1963 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment and development issues. UNCTAD has 191 member States.
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) : HQ–Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya.
  It was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1973. The World Meteorological Organisation and the UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. UNEP is also one of several implementing agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The year 2007 has been declared as International Year of the Dolphin by the United Nations and UNEP.
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) : HQ–New York City, USA.
  The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations’ global development network, is the largest multilateral source of development assistance in the world. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General. UNDP publishes an annual Human Development Report to measure and analyze developmental progress.
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) : HQ–Geneva, Switzerland.
  The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. It succeeded the earlier International Refugee Organisation and the even earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. UNHCR was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1954 and 1981. UNHCR presently has major missions in Lebanon, South Sudan, Chad/Darfur, Iraq, Afghanistan as well as Kenya to assist and provide services to IDPs and refugees.
• United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) :HQ–Nairobi, Kenya. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) is the United Nations agency for human settlements. It was established in 1978. It is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.
• United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) : HQ–Vienna, Austria. The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDCO), is a specialized agency in the United Nations system. UNIDO was established as a UN programme in 1966 and became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1985.
• United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) : HQ–New York, USA.
  The United Nations Fund for Population Activities was started in 1969 and renamed the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 1987. The United Nations Population Fund is the world’s largest international source of funding for population and reproductive health programs.
• World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) : HQ–Geneva, Switzerland.
  The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 with the stated purpose of encouraging creative activity and promoting the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. WIPO currently has 184 member states and administers 23 international treaties. Vatican City and almost all UN members are member of the WIPO. The predecessor to WIPIO was the BIRPI (French acronym for United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property), which had been set up in 1893 to administer the Berne Convention for the Protection of Library and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. WIPO was formally created by the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organisation (signed at Stockholm on July 14, 1967 and as amended on September 28, 1979).
• World Trade Organisation (WTO) : HQ–Geneva, Switzerland.
  The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an international organisation that establishes rules for international trade through consensus among its member states. It also resolves disputes between the members, which are all signatories to its set of trade agreements. Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), negotiations culminating in the Marrakesh Agreement that established the WTO. There are 151 member states in the organisation, the latest to join being Tonga on July 27, 2007. Since its inception in 1995, the WTO has been a major focus for protests by civil society groups in many countries.
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement : HQ–Geneva, Switzerland.
  The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement founded in 1863, whose stated mission is to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for the human being, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering, without any discrimination based on nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It adopted a new symbol a hollowed out red crystal on a white background in addition to the present symbols of red cross (1863) and red cresent (1876). Red star of David was used by Israel till now. Awarded the Nobel Peace prize in three times –1917, 1944 and 1963.
• World Social Forum (WSF)
  The World Social (WSF) is an annual meeting held by members of the anti-globalisation movement to coordiante world campaigns, share and refine organizing strategies, and inform each other about movements from around the world and their issues. It tends to meet in January when its “great capitalist rival”, the World Economic Forum is meeting in Davos, Switzerland.
• World Economic Forum (WEF)
  The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Geneva-based foundation whose annual meeting of top business leaders, national political leaders (presidents, prime ministers and others), and selected intellectuals and journalists is usually held in Davos, Switzerland. There are also regional meetings throughout the year. It was founded in 1971 by Klaws M. Schwab, a business professor in Switzerland.
• Global Water Partnership (GWP)
  It is a network created by stakeholders including Sweden, The UNDP, World Bank and committee of Economic development of Australia. It has been established to ensure optimum use of scrace water resources in an integrated manner to benefit the world community.
• Asian Development Bank (ADB) : HQ–Manila, Philippines.
  The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical assistance. It is a multilateral development financial institution owned by 66 members, 47 from the region and 19 from other parts of the globe. ADB’s vision is a region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their citizens. The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors also elect the bank’s President who is the chairperson of the Board of Directors and manages ADB. Traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the President has always been Japanese.
• African Development Bank (ADBP): HQ–Abidjan, Cote D’Ivoire.
  Established officially in 1964 as a result of Monorovian Conference of 1961, under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Africa, the ADBP began operation in 1966 with. With the statute of a regional multilateral development bank, the African Development Bank engaged in promoting the economic development and social progress of its Regional Member Countries (RMCs) in Africa. The African Development Bank Group has two other entities: the African Development Fund (ADF) and the Nigeria Trust Fund (NTF).
• UN Democracy Fund (UNDEF)
  The UN Democracy Fund will be a voluntary fund housed in the UN Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP), but with its own Executive Head who will report to an Advisory Board of Member States on substantive matters. In order to ensure transparency and accountability, a dedicated support office will arrange for monitoring, evaluation and auditing of the program. The idea for the Fund was first articulated by President Bush in a speech before the UN General Assembly last fall and has been embraced by the 141 nations that attended the third ministerial meeting of the Community of Democracies in Santiago, Chile in April 2005.