National Income
National Statistical Commission (NSC)
The government of India ordered the setting up of a
permanent National Statistic commission? (NSC) on 1st June, 2005 on
the recommendation of the C. Rangarajan Commission. The national Statically
Commission assumed charge on 12th July, 2006. Prof.Suresh tendulkar
became the first chairperson of the NSC
Constitution of NSC
1. A
part- time chairperson who will be an eminent statistician or social scientist.
2. Four
part- time members, one each from the following fields of specialization and
experience in
(i)
Economics statistics in such areas as
agriculture industry, infrastructure, trade or infancies.
(ii)
Social and environment statistics in such areas
as population, health education, labour and employment or environment.
(iii)
Statistical operations in such areas as
censuses, survey statistical information system or information technology.
(iv)
National accounts, statistical modeling or state
statistical systems.
3. The
Secretary, Planning Commission as ex-officio member.
Concept in the National Income
Gross
Domestic Product (GDP)
It is the sum total of the value of all final
commodities and service produce within the geographical boundary of a country
during a given period of time the sum total is to be calculated by counting the
values without duplication.
Gross
National Product (GNP)
GNP= GDP +Net Factor Income Abroad (NFIA)
= GDP
+ export – Import
Note: Since India has more imports than exports,
its GNP figure is less than that of GDP.
Net National
Product (NNP)
NNP = GNP - Depreciation
=
GNP - capital Consumption Allowance
=
GDP +NFIA – Depreciation
=
NDP+NFIA
Net Domestic
product (NDP)
NDP= GDP – Depreciation.
Note: Depreciation is also known as capital
Consumption allowance.
Calculation of
National income Aggregates at Market Price and factor Cost.
1.
GDP at market price (
) ( Contribution of all sectors at market
price)
2.
GDP at factor Cost (
) =
-
net indirect taxes +subsidy
3.
NDP at market price
) =
–
depreciation
4.
=
-
net indirect taxes + subsidy
5.
=
+ net factor income from abroad
6.
=
- net indirect taxes + subsidy
Per Capita Income
In India,
is
taken as national income of India. But
coneals the population effect over the
economy, hence concept of per capita income is evolved.
Per capita income = national income/
total population
Ø Do you know?
A committee was set up under the
chairmanship of C.Rangarajan to improve Statistical database of India.
Methods
to estimate National Income
(i)
Production
Method: net value of final goods and service produced
in country during a year is taken into consideration
(ii)
Income
Method:
total of net income earned by working people in different sectors and
commercial enterprises
Total income = total
rent + total wages +total interest =total profit
(iii)
Consumption
method: also called as expenditure method. It
is the addition of total consumption and total savings.
POVERTY
·
The Planning Commission is a nodal agency
in the Government of India for estimation of poverty at national and state
levels.
·
Since, March 1997 it has been using the
Expert Group Method (expert group on estimation of proportion and number of
poor ) to estimate poverty.
·
According to this method the estimates of
poverty are made from the large sample survey on household consumer expenditure
conducted by the national Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of the ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation.
·
Using this methodology the Planning
Commission, in the past, has released poverty estimates for the year 1973-74,
1977-78, 1983, 1987-88, 1993-94
·
And 1999- 2000. While releasing the
estimates of poverty for 1999-2000, it had been noted that these estimates were
not strictly comparable with the estimates for the previous years.
Tendulkar Committee
Report
·
SD Tendulkar, the former chairman of
prime minister’s economic advisory council has prepared a report, according to
which India has 37.2% population below poverty line (BPL).
·
According to the Tendulkar committee,
41.8% of people in rural area live below the poverty line as against 25.7% of
urban residents.
·
The committee as also revised the poverty
line in terms of money spends per person per month.
·
From Rs. 356.30 a month, this has
increase to Rs. 446.68 in rural areas.
·
In urban areas it has risen from Rs.
538.60 to 578.80.
·
As per the record the most poor state are
Orisha (57.2% ) Bihar (54.4%)
Chhattisgarh (49.4%), Madhya Pradesh (48.6%), Jharkhand 45.3% and Uttar Pradesh
(40.9%)
·
According to planning commission of India
27.5% of the population is under BPL as per the poverty estimates for the year
2004-05.
Human Development
Resource (HDR)
·
HDR is brought up by the UNDP at every calendar
year whereas the world development report is broad by the World Bank at every
financial year.
·
HDR is based on human development index
which was for the first time given by Mahbub –ul-haq of Pakistan in 1990. In
partnership with Indian economist Amartiya Sen. the first HDR was published in
1990.
HDR brings
various indices:
1.
HDI (Human Development Index) – introduce
in HDR 1990.
2.
GDI (General Related Development Index) -
introduce in HDR 1995.
3.
GEM (General Empowerment Measures) –
introduce in HDR in 1995.
4.
HPI (Human Poverty Index) - introduce in
1997.
5.
TAI (Technology Achievement Index) -
introduce in HDR in1997.
HDR Indices
The HDI measures
average achievement in a country in three basic dimension of human development.
1.
A long and healthy life as measures by
life expectancy at birth
2.
Knowledge, as measures by the adult
literacy rate (with two-third weight) and combined primary, secondary and
tertiary gross enrolment ratio.
3.
A decent standard of living, as measures
by Gross Domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD (US Dollar)
·
Human poverty is primarily a denial of
choices and opportunities for living in a life once have reason to value. Lake
of income is therefore far to narrow to serve as a holistic indicator
HPI-1 –human poverty
index for developing countries
HPI-2 – human poverty
index for development countries (in addition to three dimension in
HPI-1, it also include social exclusion
·
GDI is a composite index that measures
human development in same dimension as the HDI while adjusting for gender in
equality in that basic dimension.
HDR Themes /Titles
HDR-2010
|
20th
Anniversary Edition
|
HDR-2009
|
Overcoming barriers:
Human Mobility & Development
|
HDR-2007/08
|
Fighting climate change:
Human solidity in divided world.
|
HDR-2006
|
Beyond Scarcity: Power
Poverty and the global water crisis
|
HDR-2005
|
International
co-operation at a cross roads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world
|
HDR-2004
|
Culture liberty in
today’s diverse world
|
HDR-1990
|
Concept and measurement
of human development
|
Important Rankings in
HDR 2012
Rank
|
Country
|
HDI 2012
|
1
|
Norway
|
|
2
|
Australia
|
|
3
|
US
|
|
4
|
Netherlands
|
|
5
|
Ireland
|
|
6
|
Germany
|
|
7
|
New Zealand
|
|
8
|
Ireland
|
|
9
|
Switzerland
|
|
10
|
Japan
|
|
11
|
Canada
|
|
136
|
India
|
|
Salient features of HDR 2009
All countries
included in the HDI are classified in to one of four clusters of achievement in
human development.
1.
Very high human development (HDI of 0.9 and
above )
2.
High human development (HDI of 0.8 and 0.899)
3.
Medium human development (HDI of 0.5 and 0.799)
4.
Low human development (HDI of less than 0.5)
In HDR 2009,
the HDI for India is 0.612 which gives the country 134 out of 182 countries.
Thus India falls under the category of medium human development.
No comments:
Post a Comment