The Delhi Sultanate
Part-2
Slave Sultans
(1206-1290)
1. Qutbuddin Aibak……………………….. 1206-1210
2. Aram Shah ………………………………... 1210-1211
3. Shamsuddin lltutmish…………………. 1211-1236
4. Ruknuddin Firuz………………………... 1236
5. Raziya…………………………………………1236-1240
6. Bahram Shah……………………………...1240-1242
7. Alauddin Masud………………………… 1242-1246
8. Nasiruddin Mahmud…………………. 1246-1265
9. Ghiyasuddin Balban………………….. 1265-1287
10. Kaiqubad………………………………….
1287-1290
11. Shamsuddin Kayumars…………….
1290
KHALJI DYNASTY
(1290-1320)
1. Jalaluddin Khalji
(1290-1296)
·
He ascended
the throne in 1290 at the age of seventy.
·
He was an iqtadar
of an iqta and served Balban for many years.
·
He was a pious Muslim with the desire to be
recognized as the Mujahid -fi- Sabillah (fighter in the path of god).
2. Alauddin Khalji
(1296-1316)
·
His original name was Ali Gurshap.
·
He ascended the throne after getting his uncle
Jalaluddin Khalji murdered in 1296.
·
He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who
separated religion from politics. He proclaimed “ Kingship knows no kinship”.
·
In deccan, Alauddin’s army led by his slave
Malik Kafur defeated Yadavas of Devagiri, Kaktiyas of Warangal, Hoyasalas of
Dwarasamudra and Pandyas of Madurai between 1308-1311.
·
The Somnath temple which was rebuilt in mid 12th
century was again demolished by Alauddin Khaji.
·
He was the only sultan who went into the causes
of rebellion. The causes of rebellion as per close study were:
(i) The Inefficiency
of the spy system.
(ii) General
practice of use of liquor.
(iii) Social
intercourse and matrimonial alliances among the nobles.
(iv) Excess of
wealth in the possession of certain notables.
·
As a result, he issued four important ordiances
to curb the causes of rebellions.
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Alauddin’s Ordinances
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|
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1st Ordinance
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Confiscation of the religious endowments and free
grants of lands
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2nd Ordinance
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Reorganization of spy system
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3rd Ordinance
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Prohibition of the use of wine
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4th Ordinance
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Nobels should not have social gathering and they
shall not inter marry without Alauddin’s permission.
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·
He was the first sultan of Delhi to lay the
foundation of a permanent standing army.
·
He instituted the practice of recording the
descriptive roll of individual soldiers (huliya or Chehra) and branding of
horses (dagh)
·
He established the market control department
under a minister called diwan-i-riyasat. He fixed the prices of food grains,
cloth and other commodities far below the usual market rates. The market were
individually looked after by Shahana-i-mandi.
·
He fixed the state’s share at 50% of the gross
produce of the land. Besides this, Hindus were required to pay the Jizya.
·
He introduces the measurement of and with a view
to ascertain the amount of land in the possession of each cultivator and actual
produce thereof.
·
He declared himself as Sikandar-i-Sani, the
second Alexander.
·
He was a great patron of learning and fine arts.
Literacy lights such as Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan resided at his court.
·
He constructed Alai Darwaza, the most beautiful
and perfect specimen or early Turkish architecture. He built fort of Siri and
the Palace of Thousand Pillars called Hazar Situn.
Alauddin’s Expeditions
Expedition year
Gujarat……………………………... 1299
Ranthambhor……………………….1300-1301
Warangal…………………………….. 1303-1308
Chittor…………………………………. 1303
Malwa…………………………………. 1305
Jalor……………………………………. 1311
Ø Amir Khusrau
·
He was a prolific Persian poet associated with
the royal courts of more than seven rulers of Delhi Sultanate during 1253-1325.
Amir Khusrau was a versatile person. He was a soldier, a composer of poetry in
Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and a diplomat, shrewd in court matters.
·
He was also a good musician.
·
He accompanied Alauddin Khalji on his Chittor
expedition. He talked about performing of Jauhar by Rajput women there.
·
Amir Khusrau is also known as Tuti-i-Hind or
Parrot of India.
Literary works of Amir Khusrau
Khazain-ul-Fatah Expeditions of
Alauddin Khalji
(Tarikh-i-Alai)
Tughlaqnama History of
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Khamsah A
collection of his five works
Miftahul
Futuh
The military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khalji
Ashiqa &
Khizr Khan Love
story of Devel Rani
3. Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji (1316-1320)
·
Shihabuddin Umar, grandson of Alauddin Khalji was
nominated as his successor. He was placed on the throne by Malik Kafur.
·
Mubarak Khan, son of Alauddin Khalji got Malik
Kafur murdered and raised himself to the throne with the title of Qutbuddin
Mubarak Shah.
·
He repealed all the ordinances of his father’s
time.
·
He appointed Khusrau as malik naib (prime
minister).
·
He was killed by khusrau in his palace in 1320.
Later on, Khusrau was also killed by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq of Tughlaq dynasty.
Khalji Sultans
(1290-1320)
Jalaluddin Khalji…………………………………
1290-1296
Ruknuddin Ibrahim…………………………… 1296
Alauddin Khalji………………………………….
1296-1316
Shihabuddin Umar…………………………….1316
Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah………………….1316-1320
Nasiruddin Khusrav Shah……………………1320
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
(1320-1414)
1. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(1320- 1325)
·
He has the credit of improving the system of
communication, particularly perfecting the postal system.
·
Early in his reign, he laid the foundation of a
big place fort called Tughlaqabad.
·
He died in 1326 when a pavilion which was
erected by Jauna Khan for his reception, fell upon him.
2. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(1325-1351)
·
Jauna Khan became Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
·
He was the most learned Sultan of Delhi, but he
lacked practical judgment.
·
He created the department of agriculture which
was called Diwan-i-Kohi.
·
He is known for his experiments which failed
miserably. They are:
(i) Transfer of
capital from Delhi to Devagiri (in 1326-27) which was renamed as Daulatabad.
(ii) Introduction
of taken currency in 1329-30.
(iii)
Enhancement of land r evenue in doab region up to 50% of the produce.
(iv) Qarachil
(Kangra, Hp) expedition in 1337-38.
·
He issued maximum number of coins among the
Delhi Sultans. Hence, he has been called a ‘prince of moneyers’.
·
He faced maximum number of rebellions among the
Delhi sultans. Out of many rebellions, two are important to mention, as these
led to the formation of two independent kingdoms viz. Vijayanagara Kingdom
(1336) and Bahmani kingdom (1349).
·
He completed the construction of Tughlaqabad
fort and was named as Jahapanah by him.
·
He proceeded to Sindh to punish a rebel and
there he was taken ill. He died due to the same in 1351.
·
In words of historian Abdul Qadir Badauni, “The
Sultan was freed from his people and the people from the sultan”.
·
Moroccan traveler lbn Batuta visited Delhi
during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1333.
3. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
(1351-1388)
·
He was a cousin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
·
After his accession, Firoz Tughlaq was faced
with the problem of preventing the imminent breakup of Delhi Sultanate. So, he
declared his state as a Sunni Islamic State under the influence of clergy.
·
He declared that whenever a noble dies, his son
should be allowed to succeed to his position including his iqta and if he had
no son, his son-in-law and in his absence his slave.
·
He made jizya a separate tax, and he imposed
this tax upon the Brahmans for the first time in the history of Sultanate.
·
His most important contribution was the
introduction of a series of canals for irrigation purpose.
·
He founded many towns viz. Firozabad, Fatehahad,
Hissar Firoza, Jaunpur and Ferozpur.
·
He established an employement bureau and placed
an officer in charge of it.
·
He established a charity bureau which was called
Diwani-i-Khairat.
·
He also established a charitable hospital
Dar-ul-Shifa.
·
He established a separate department for slaves
which were called Diwan-i-Bandagan.
·
He patronized Ziauddin Barani and Shams-i- siraj
afif.
·
Two important work of history, namely Fatwah-i-jahandari
and Tarikh-i-Firozshahi by Barani were written during his reign.
·
Firoz wrote his autobiography called as
Futuhat-I firozshahi.
·
His campaign against Nagarkot was his most
successful campaign.
·
He died in 1388.
4. Later Tughlaqs
(1388-1414)
·
On Firoz’s death in 1388, the throne of Delhi
passed to his grandson Tughlaq Shah, who assumed the title of Ghiyasuddin
Tughlaq II.
·
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq II offended his nobles by
hisconduct. So they deposed him and placed Abu Bakr, another grandson of Firoz
Tughlaq in 1389.
·
Muhammad Khan, son of Firoz Tughlaq with the
help of some powerful officials deposed abu Bakr and placed himself on the
throne in 1390.
·
Muhammad Khan also could not rule for long.he
died due to illness in 1394.Alauddin Sikandar Shah, elder son of Muhammad Khan
Succeeded him, but he also died in 1395.
·
Nasiruddin Mahmud, younger son of Muhammad khan
came to the throne in 1395.
·
Nasiruddin Mahmud was the Sultan, when Timur
attacked in 1398.
·
Timur fought and defeated Nasiruddin Mahmud on
December 17, 1398 at Delhi. Timur deputed khizr khan to look after North West
India.
·
Nasiruddin Mahmud, the last ruler of the dynasty
died in 1413 and the Tughlaq dynasty came to an end.
·
The nobles chose one of them, named Daulat Khan
as Sultan.
Tughlaq Sultans (1320-1414)
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq……………………
1320-1325
Muhammad bin Tughlaq………………
1325-1351
Firoz Shah Tughlaq……………………...
1351-1388
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq-II……………….
1388-1389
Abu Bakr……………………………………..
1389-1390
Alauddin Sikandar Shah……………….
1394-1395
Nasiruddin Mahmud (Delhi)...
1395-1396 & 1396-1413
Nusrat Shah (Firozabad)……………..
1396
SAYYID DYNASTY
(1414-1451)
1. Khizr Khan (1414-1421)
·
Khizr khan defeated Daulat Khan and became ruler
of Delhi in 1414.
·
He was the first and most able ruler of the so
called sayyid dynasty.
·
He claimed to be the descendant of Prophet
Muhammad.
·
He did not assume the title of Sultan, but
contended himself with that of Rayat-i-Ala.
·
He died in 1421.
·
He pretended to act as the viceroy of Mirza
Shahrukh, the fourth son and successor of Timur.
2. Mubarak Shah
(1421-1434)
·
Khizr Khan nominated his son, Mubarak Khan as
his heir, who assumed the title of Mubarak Shah.
·
Mubarak Shah succeeded in suppressing a
rebellion in Bhatinda, and another in the doab.
·
His reign is notable for the fact that for the
first time some Hindu nobles held position at the court of Delhi.
·
He died, in 1434 when some plotters of a
building fell upon him.
·
Tarikh-I Mubarakshahi by Yahiya bin Ahman
Sarhindi gives a detailed account of him and his predecessors.
3. Muhammad Shah (1434-1445)
·
Muhammad Shah, grandson of Khizr Khan came to
the throne in 1434.
·
Bahlol Lodi, the governor of Lahore and sirhind
helped, Muhammad Shah against Mahmud Khalji of Malwa. For this service he was
given the title of khan-I khanan
·
Muhammad Shah died in 1445.
4. Alaluddin Alam Shah
(1445-1451)
·
Alaunddin Alam Shah, son of Muhammad Shah came
to the throne in 1445.
·
Alauddin Alam Shah resigned the whole kingdom to
Bahlol Lodi and betook Badaun.
·
Alauddin continued to live as a noble man at
Badaun, where he died few years later.
LODI DYNASTY (1451-1526)
1. Bahlol Lodi
(1451-1489)
·
Bahlol Lodi, an Afghan was the founder of lodi
dynasty.
·
He started coins called Bahloli.
2. Sikander Lodi
(1489-1517)
·
Nizam Khan, son on Bahlol Lodi came to the
throne in 1489 and assumed title of Sikander Shah Lodi.
·
He founded the city of Agra in 1504 and
transferred his capital from Delhi to Agra.
·
He introduced a unit of measurement called
Gaz-i-Sikandari.
·
He demolished famous Jwalamukhi temple at
Nagarkot. He charged jizya and pilgrim tax from the Hindus with severity.
·
He wrote verses in Persian, under the pen-name
Gulrukhi.
·
He has written a book called Lahjat-i-Sikandari.
·
He built his father’s tomb at delhi.
·
He died due to illness in 1517.
3. Ibrahim Lodi
(1517-1526)
·
Ibrahim, eldest son of Sikandar Lodi came to
throne with unanimous consent of Afghan peers in 1517.
·
He assumed the title Ibrahim Shah.
·
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated and killed, by Babur
in the First Battle of panipat on April 21, 1526.
THE SULTANATE ADMINISTRATION
·
The Wazir was the most important minister in the
Sultante administration. Initially, he dealt with matters of finance only but
later on, his controlling authority in practice was extended to every branch of
public administration.
·
Amir was incharge of the royal guards of Sultan
and war like commander of army.
·
Arz-i-Mamalik was the head of military
department. Diwan-i-Risalat was presided over by a chief Sadr of Chief qazi. It
dealt with religious matters.
·
The qazi dispensed civil law based on muslim Law
(Sharia). The Hindus were governed by their own personal laws, which were
decided by panchayats in villages.
·
Barids were the intelligence agents appointed by
the rulers in different parts of empire to keep themselves informed of what was
going on in their territory.
·
Turks after conquering the country divided it
into number of tracts called iqtas, which were parceled among the leading
Turkish nobles. The holders of the office were called muqti or walls. It were
these iqtas, which later became province or subas.
·
Province were followed by the shiqs and below
them were the pargana. The villages were grouped into units of 100 or 84
traditionally called chaurasi. The pargana was headed by amil. The most
important people in villages were the khuts (land-owners) or muqaddam or
headman.
TAXATION IN SULTANATE
PERIOD
The fiscal policy followed by the
Sultan was modeled on the theory of finances of the “ Hanafi School of Sunni
Jurists”. Only four different sources of revenue were sanctioned by the
Quran-Kharaj. Khams, Jizya and Zakat. But the Sultanate of Delhi charged many
taxes some of the taxes are given below:
1. Zakat: the religious taxes were collectively known as the Zakat.
This was realized from well to do Muslims amounting at the rate of 1/40th
of one’s property.
2. Jizya: this was the tax levied on non- muslims in return for the
protection of life and property and exemption from military services.
3. Kharaj: it was the land tax realized from from non-Muslims.
4. Khams: it was the tax on mines, treasure trove and share in war
booty.
5. Sharaf: it was the irrigation tax charged at the rate of 1/10 of
the produce. This was imposed by Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
6. Abwafs: the extra taxes like housing tax, grazing tax, etc. were referred
to a as Abwafs.
7. Ushr: it was a land tax charged on land held by Muslims and
watered by natural means.
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