The Earth's Atmosphere
AIR
The blanket of air that surrounds the earth is called “Atmosphere”.
It is composed of mixture of gases. Water vapour, dust particles, pollen grains, impurities such as smoke, salts and other chemicals.
The constituent gases are:
1.Nitrogen (78%)
2.Oxygen (21%)
3.Carbon-di-oxide, argon, hydrogen, helium, ozone etc. make up the remaining 1%.
The blanket of air that surrounds the earth is called “Atmosphere”.
It is composed of mixture of gases. Water vapour, dust particles, pollen grains, impurities such as smoke, salts and other chemicals.
The constituent gases are:
1.Nitrogen (78%)
2.Oxygen (21%)
3.Carbon-di-oxide, argon, hydrogen, helium, ozone etc. make up the remaining 1%.
The scientific study of the processes and the physical phenomenon
taking place in the earth’s atmosphere is called “Meterorology”.
The density of the atmosphere is the highest near earth’s surface.
On the basis of the composition, temperature and other properties,
the atmosphere is divided into 5 layers. Starting from the surface of the
earth, the layers are:
1)Troposhpere
a)Lowest layer of the atmosphere
b)It extends to a height of 8 Kms at poles and 18 Kms at equator
c)Dust particles, water vapour and other impurities are found here
d)All weather phenomena such as clouds, fog, rainfall, snowfall and lightening occur here.
e)Temperature in this zone drops with height at the rate of 1 ͦ C for every 165m. This is normal lapse rate.
f)This layer keeps the earth warn as it absorbs maximum heat radiated by earth’s surface being the densest and lowest layer of atmosphere.
a)Lowest layer of the atmosphere
b)It extends to a height of 8 Kms at poles and 18 Kms at equator
c)Dust particles, water vapour and other impurities are found here
d)All weather phenomena such as clouds, fog, rainfall, snowfall and lightening occur here.
e)Temperature in this zone drops with height at the rate of 1 ͦ C for every 165m. This is normal lapse rate.
f)This layer keeps the earth warn as it absorbs maximum heat radiated by earth’s surface being the densest and lowest layer of atmosphere.
2)Stratosphere
a)Lies above the troposphere and extends to a height of 50 Kms.
b)This layer is free of clouds and associated weather phenomenon.
c)Contains ozone layer which absorbs the harmful ultra-violet rays of the sun
d)Supersonic aircraft fly in this region
a)Lies above the troposphere and extends to a height of 50 Kms.
b)This layer is free of clouds and associated weather phenomenon.
c)Contains ozone layer which absorbs the harmful ultra-violet rays of the sun
d)Supersonic aircraft fly in this region
3)Mesosphere
a)3rd layer of atmosphere extends to a height of 80 Kms
b)Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering from the space
a)3rd layer of atmosphere extends to a height of 80 Kms
b)Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering from the space
4)Thermosphere
a)In this zone, the temperature increases rapidly with height
b)This layer contains “Ions” – electrically charged particles which reflect radio waves back to earth’s surface and thus enable us to have wireless communication. Thermosphere is also called Ionosphere.
a)In this zone, the temperature increases rapidly with height
b)This layer contains “Ions” – electrically charged particles which reflect radio waves back to earth’s surface and thus enable us to have wireless communication. Thermosphere is also called Ionosphere.
5)Exosphere
a)Upper most layer with thin layer of air
b)Light gases like helium, hydrogen float into the space from here
a)Upper most layer with thin layer of air
b)Light gases like helium, hydrogen float into the space from here
Important Dams in India
Cheruthoni Dam:
Cheruthoni Dam, the largest concrete gravity dam in Kerala, is
located close to Idukki arch dam. It is the third highest dam in India with a
454 feet-high across River Cheruthoni. Idukki is a hill station in India, is
much famous for its wildlife treasure keenly followed by other attractions too.
These two dams are one of best picnic spot for the tourists, The
Idukki and Cheruthoni dams opened to the public in connection with the Onam
festival season. At the end of the Cheruthoni dam continue walking along the
properly fenced road lead to Idukki Dam. The height of 560 feet brought a
thrilling experience and wonderful view of greens valley.
Height: 450 feet
Length: 2300 feet
Type: Concrete Gravity Dam
River: Cheruthoni River
Location: Kerala
Installed capacity: 32 MW
Indira Sagar Dam:
Indira sagar dam built on the Narmada river with a height of 92m.
is concrete gravity dam, located in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. Indira
sagar project was the key project on Narmada river providing excellent storage
site of water. Indira Sagar Dam has the biggest reservoir in India.
Height: 92 m
Length: 653 m
Type: Concrete Gravity Dam
River: Narmada River
Location: Madhya Pradesh
Installed capacity: 1,000 MW
KrishnarajasagarDam:
Krishnarajasagar dam built across Kaveri River near Mysore in Karnataka. It is one of the principal and largest dam built on the river Kaveri in Karnatakain, South India. The Kaveri is one of the major river in India and there is a Famous and beautiful Brindavan Gardens attached to the dam, its a part of the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam and is the most beautiful gardens in Mysore and one of best Garden in India.
Krishnarajasagar dam built across Kaveri River near Mysore in Karnataka. It is one of the principal and largest dam built on the river Kaveri in Karnatakain, South India. The Kaveri is one of the major river in India and there is a Famous and beautiful Brindavan Gardens attached to the dam, its a part of the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam and is the most beautiful gardens in Mysore and one of best Garden in India.
Height: 125 feet
Length: 3.5km
Type: Masonry Dam
River: Kaveri River
Location: Karnataka
Installed capacity: 200 MW
Mettur Dam:
Mettur Dam built across Kaveri River at Salem district in Tamil
Nadu with a height of 120 ft. It is one the largest and one of the oldest dam
built in India. Mettur Dam has biggest and the most power generating capacity
dam in Tamil Nadu. Mettur Dam is very beautiful place of tourist, the river is
a wonderful site to explorer the nature.
Height: 120 ft.
Length: 1700 meters
Type: Concrete Dam
River: Kaveri River
Location: Tamil Nadu
Installed capacity: 32 MW
Bisalpur Dam:
The greatest dam of Rajasthan-Bisalpur, located in Tonk District
of Rajasthan. The dam is built across the Banas River between two mountains. The
largest dam of Rajasthan-Bisalpur with a height of 39m is one of the honor of
Rajasthan.
Tonk dam attract vast variety of birds local as well as migratory.
Height: 130 ft.
Length: 1883 ft
Type: Gravity Dam
River: Banas River
Location:Rajasthan
Installed capacity: 172 MW
Koyna Dam:
Koyna Dam is built across river koyana in Koyna Naga Maharashtra
with a height of 103m. It is one of the largest dams in Maharashtra located at
western ghats. The lake founded by the Koyna dam is called The Shivaji Lake,
the area is surrounded with the natural beauty of SahyadriMountains Ranges.
Height: 339 ft.
Length: 2,648 ft
Type: Rubble-Concrete dam
River: Koyna River
Location: Maharashtra
Installed capacity: 1,920 MW
Maithon Dam:
Maithon Dam is built on the river of Barakar located at Maithon
and is a big dam in tribal state Jharkhand. Maithon Dam is one of the most
popular dams in Jharkhand and one of the most successful multipurpose projects
in India. This dam specially designed for flood control and generates high electric
power. There is an underground power station, the first of its kind in the
whole of South East Asia. Maithon Dam is the biggest reservoir in the Damodar
Valley.
Height: 165 ft
Length: 15,712 ft
Type: Concrete cum Earthen dam
River: Barakar River
Location: Jharkhand
Installed capacity: 60 MW
Rihand Dam:
The Rihand dam has been built across Rihand River a tributary of
Sone river, near Pipri in the Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The concrete
gravity dam has its maximum height that is 91m. The reservoir made by
Rihand dam is known as Govind Ballabh Pant (GBP) reservoir.
Height: 299 ft
Length: 3064 ft
Type: Concrete Gravity dam
River: Rihand River
Location: Uttar Pradesh
Installed capacity: 300 MW
TungaBhadra Dam:
TungaBhadra dam is constructed across river Tungabhadra, a
tributary of River Krishna, located approximately five km from Hospet town in
Karnataka, which is also the largest dam in Karnataka. It offers a majestic
sight, along with a Japanese garden, Musical Mountain and beautiful scenery of
nature.
Height: 49.38 meters
Length: 2441 meters
Type: Earthen Gravity Dam
River: Tungabhadra River
Location: Karnataka
Installed capacity: 72 MW
Bhavanisagar Dam:
The Bhavani Sagar Dam constructed across Bhavani river, is located
80 Km away from Coimbatore city, Tamil Nadu. This dam looks very beautiful and
one of the important tourist place in the district of Erode. The Bhavanisagar
dam is 8 km. long and it is the longest masonry dam in the world.
Height: 105 ft
Length: 1700 meters
Type: Earthen dam
River: Bhavani River
Location: Tamil Nadu
Installed capacity: 1,920 MW
Important Geographical
facts about India
Official Name: Bharat
Number of States and Union Territories: 29 and 7 respectively
Location:
·
Northern
and Eastern Hemispheres.
·
Central
position in the southernmost part of the Asian Continent.
·
Tropic
of Cancer passes through the Central Part.
Extent:
·
Latitudinal
Extent: 8°4′28′′ to 37°6′53′′ North i.e 29°2′25′′ (in Total).
·
Longitudinal
Extent: 68°7′33′′ to 97°24′47′′ East i.e. 29°17′14′′ (in Total).
·
Total
land area: 32,87,263 square kilometers.
·
Land
frontier: 15200 km, Coastline: 7517 km.
·
Facts
and Features:
In terms
of Area:
·
Seventh
largest in the world.
·
Largest
state : Rajasthan (followed by Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra)
·
Smallest
state: Goa.
In terms
of Distance:
·
Westernmost
point in Gujarat → Easternmost point in Arunachal Pradesh: 2993 km
·
Northernmost
point in Kashmir → Southernmost mainland : 3214 km
In terms
of Geology:
·
3
geological units → The Himalayan Mountains, the Indo-Gangetic plains and the
Peninsular Plateaus.
·
Southernmost
tip (of Indian Peninsula): Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
·
Southernmost
tip (India) : Indira Point in Nicobar.
·
The
Lowest point (below sea level): Kuttanad (−2.2 m) in Kerala.
India’s
Standard Time (IST):
·
Determined
by the standard meridian of longitude 82°30′ East passing through Allahabad.
·
Time
Difference (Longest and Shortest day):
·
Near
Leh and Ladakh: 4 Hours
·
Near
Kanyakumari: 45 minutes
Time
Difference (Sunrise):
·
Between
Kibithu village (Arunachal Pradesh) in the east → Ghuar Mota (near Sir Creek,
Gujarat) in the west : 116 minutes.
Surrounding
Land Frontiers (with percentage of boundary shared) :
·
Pakistan
(22%), Afghanistan (0.7%), China (23%), Nepal (12%), Bhutan (4.5%), Myanmar
(10.8%),
·
Bangladesh
(27%).
No comments:
Post a Comment