General Biology

General Awareness - General Biology

Ø  A chemical change in DNA molecule is called mutation.

Ø  Glycogen acts as a short-term food reserve in animals.

Ø  Estrogen is a female-sex hormone.

Ø  The enzyme amylase aids in the digestion of starch.

Ø  ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondria.

Ø  70% of the body weight of a man is water.

Ø  Adipose tissue in human being is present below dermis.

Ø  The tough transparent membrane that protects the eye ball is called cornea.

Ø  Energy is produced in human body by Carbohydrates.

Ø  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) provides energy for all kinds of activities of a cell.

Ø  Cell wall and vacuoles are present in a plant cell but are absent in an animal cell.

Ø  Sugar is the product of the dark reactions of photosynthesis.

Ø  Melvin Kelvin was awarded Nobel Prize for his work on Photosynthesis

Ø  Chlorophyll contains magnesium in granae.

Ø  The largest flower in the world is Refflessia and the smallest one is wolfessia.

Ø  Penicillin is obtained from penicillium Notatum.

Ø  Reserpine derived from the plant 'serpentine' is used to alleviate high blood pressure.

Ø  Plants, living in acidic soils, are called oxalophytes.

Ø  Photosynthesis is most active in blue and red light in which light energy is

Ø  converted into chemical energy and 02 is not a limiting process during this process.

Ø  The smallest bone, lies stapes is found in the human ear.

Ø  Enzymes are basically proteins.

Ø  Mitochondria is called the 'power house of the cell'

Ø  Pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland.

Ø  Persons of blood group '0' are called 'Universal Donor' while that of 'AB' are

Ø  called 'Universal Acceptors'.

Ø  Seedless fruits are formed by parthenogenesis.

Ø  Simple plants that contain no chlorophyll are called fungi.

Ø  Spirogyra is commonly known as 'pond silk'

Ø  The longest muscle in the human body is found in thigh.

Ø  In some leaves, the outermost layer of cells secrets continuous waxy layer,

Ø  called cuticle.

Ø  In a leaf, the opening between two guard cells is stomata.

Ø  Gibberellins are responsible for cell elongation.

Ø  The chemical name of chlorophyll is magnesium Dihydro prophysin.

Ø  Bile is produced in liver and stored in gel bladder.

Ø  All arteries, except pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood.

Ø  The main function of W.B. C. is to produce antibodies.

Ø  Retina in the eye, acts as a film in the camera.

Ø  Human tears contain a mild antibacterial agent, named Lysozyme.

Ø  The biggest bone in the human body is femur.

Ø  Vitamin B12 is almost never found in plants.

Ø  Agrostology is the study of grasses.

Ø  Phycology is the study of a algae while the study of fossils is called

Ø  paleontology

Ø  For the formation of chlorophyll iron and magnesium are needed.

Ø  Hydroponics is cultivating plants without using soil.

Ø  Palco botany is the study of fossils of botanical specimens.

Ø  Pepsin & Lactose enzymes ad on proteins in the digestive system.

Ø  The water soluble vitamins are vitamin B and C.

Ø  Insulin in the human body is produced by Pancreas.

Ø  Aorta is an artery which carries oxygenated blood.

Ø  The main region of small intestine for food absorption is ileum.

Ø  R.B.C. survives for 120 days.

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Ø    Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis in plants.

Ø    The vegetation of the desert consists of xerophytes.

Ø  Carrot is a root. While potato is a steam.

Ø    Penicillin is produced from fungi.

Ø    A good source of vitamin A is carrot.

Ø    Plants take nitrogen in the form of nitrates.

Ø    Chlorella algae is rich in protein.

Ø    The cells of woody stem, which are most important for the growth in thickness

Ø    are called the cambium cells.

Ø    The outer layer of cells of a stem is called epidermis.

Ø    Abscise acid is directly responsible for the shedding of a leaf, flower or fruit

Ø    from a plant.

Ø    The largest sperms among plants are found in gymnosperms.

Ø    The 'red snow' phenomenon is caused by the growth of algae.

Ø    Seed dormancy can be broken by treating the seeds with gibberalic acid.

Ø    A plant or plant cell having half the number of chromosomes than a normal

Ø    body cell is called haploid.

Ø    Vitamin-K helps in the process of blood-clotting.

Ø    Amphibian refers to animals, which can live on both land and water.

Ø    The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of Urochrome.

Ø    Pituitary gland is the growth gland in human body

Ø    Wisdom teeth appear in a human being when age is between 17-30 years.

Ø    Oxygen is present in maximum quantity in human body.

Ø    The exchange of 02 and CO2 takes place in our lungs at alveoli.

Ø    Vitamin-C is found in apples, apricot, and strawberry but not in date.

Ø    Impure blood in the body enters the heart through right auricle.

Ø    The total number of bones in an adult human body is 206.

Ø    The face of a man is made up of 14 bones.

Ø    Maximum absorption in human body takes place in spleen.

Ø    Blood in human body is formed by yellow bone marrow.

Ø    Spleen serves as a 'Blood Bank' in the body.

Ø    The erythrocytes in mammals are enucleated, except in camel.

Ø    The voice-box in birds is Syrinx.

Ø    The average human eye can distinguish about 40 shades of colours.

Ø    Chronology implies the art of repairing damaged bones.

Ø    Tibia and Fibula are the bones present in leg.

Ø    The basic defect of blood in Rhesus negative (Rh-negative) in individuals is

Ø    that certain antibodies cannot be produced by their blood.

Ø    Iron in the body is found mostly in hemoglobin, liver and kidneys.

Ø    An earthworm has no eyes.

Ø    Mitosis is the process of the division of somatic cells of an organism.

Ø    Dry epithelium is found in hairs.

Ø    A person's colour of eyes depends upon the particular pigment present in the

Ø    iris.

Ø    Ovulation generally occurs mid-way through the menstrual cycle.

Ø    The crossing over of the chromosomes takes place in meiosis.

Ø    The largest blood vessel in the body is Aorta.

Ø    Urea is removed from the blood by Kidneys.

Ø    The Iris regulates the size of the Pupil in human eye.

Ø    Estrogen, Testosterone and Androsterone are the sex- hormones.

Ø    Appendix vermiform in man is a vestigial organ.

Ø    The body stores food in the form of fat in adipose tissue.

Ø    The Scientific study of teeth is called odontology.

Ø    Ontology is the study of tumors.

Ø    Oology is the science, which studies birds, eggs, etc.

Ø    Asexual reproduction requires one individual of either sex.

Ø    Antigens are capable of stimulating the formation of antibodies. .

Ø    The yellow colour of cow’s milk is due to the presence of riboflavin.

Ø    The nucleus is absent in Escherichia coli.

Ø    Presence of Urea in the blood is called Uremia.

Ø    In adult human beings, the number of vertebrae is 26.

Ø    Body-building is anabolism, while its disintegration is Katabolism.

Ø    Protoplesm is the physical basis of life.

Ø    The part of human brain that controls sneezing is Medulla oblongata.

Ø    In human body iron is stored in liver.

Ø    The temperature of human body is controlled by hypothalamus.

Ø   Taxonomy is the science dealing with the identification, classification and nomenclature of all living organisms.

ØVitamin and Derived Foods

Ø    Vitamins A: Retinol & Carotene

Ø    Vitamin A: Carrot - night blindness.

Ø    Vitamin D: Caleiferal

Ø    Vitamin D: Sunlight on human skin-Rickets, Softness 'of bones under

Ø    development of teeth of in children.

Ø    Vitamin E: Tocopherol

Ø    Vitamin E: Growing seeds - in potency in humans

Ø    Vitamin K: Tamato

Ø    Vitamin K: -Grain - Blood clotting

Ø    Vitamin B1 -Thiamine

Ø    Vitamin B1: Cereals white flour - Berry berry

Ø    Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

Ø    Vitamin B2: Dairy - redness of eye blurred vision.

Ø    Vitamin B3: Niacen

Ø    Vitamin B3: Meat - Pellagra

Ø    Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

Ø    Vitamin B5: Beans - Focial dermatites

Ø    Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

Ø    Vitamin B6: Whole - convulsions in child.

Ø    Vitamin B12: Cobalamine

Ø    Vitamin B12: Liver, Kidney. Red blood cell production - Pernicious anemia

Ø    Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid

Ø    Vitamin C: Citrus, tomato - Scurvy

Ø    Vitamin P: Nicotina mide

Ø    Vitamin P: Lemon, orange - Growth of bones produces poison in food

Human Diseases Caused by Fungi - Fungal Diseases

Ø    1. Ringworm caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton by direct contact from

Ø    unbathed cats and dogs or objects handled by infected individuals.

Ø    2.Athlete's foot caused by Trichophyton by Bad foot hygiene where skin

Ø    remains warm and moist for long period, fungi finds optimal condition, invade

Ø    dead outer layer of skin.

Ø    Human Diseases Caused by Viruses - Viral Diseases

Ø    1. Smallpox caused by Variola Virus by direct contact (droplets), indirected by infected articles.

Ø    2. Chicken pox caused by Varicella virus by direct contact (droplets) indirected by infected objects.

Ø    3. Common cold caused by Rhinovirus by contact.

Ø    4. Influenza/Flu caused by Orthomixo-virus by contact (droplets) virus

Ø    transmitted through discharge from respiratory tracts of persons infected with disease.

Ø    5. Mumps caused by Mumps virus by direct contact, virus in Saliva and secretion of nose invades salivary glands.

Ø    6. Viral encephalitis caused by Encephalitis virus (arbovirus) by some

Ø    domestic animals reservoir of virus, transmitted by mosquito bite to man.

Ø    7. Poliomyelitis caused by Poliovirus by contact, houseflies, fleas, food and water.

Ø    8. Rabies (Hydrophobia) caused by Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus) by Bite a mad (rabid) dog.

Ø    9. Dengue fever or breakbone fever caused by Dengue virus (arbovirus) by Mosquito (Aedes) bite.

Ø    10. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human T-cell Lenkemia virus (HTLV-IlI) also called LAV (Retrovirus) by blood and sperm

Ø    among homosexuals, heterosexuals, intravenous drug users, haemophiliacs,

Øpromiscuous individuals and prostitutes.

Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria - Bacterial Diseases

Ø    1. Septic sore throat caused by Streptococcus Sp by Bacteria infect throat and

Ø    nasal membranes by droplets and direct contact.

Ø    2. Diphtheria caused by Irregular rod (Corynebacterium diphtheria) by

Ø    Bacteria infect respiratory tract by carrier, through contact, droplets and food

Ø    items.

Ø    3. Pneumonia caused by Diplococcus pneumonia by Bacteria transmitted to

Ø    respiratory tract, including the lungs by droplet infection.

Ø    4. Tuberculosis caused by Irregular rod (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) by

Ø    Bacteria transmitted to lungs, bones and other organs by direct contact

Ø    droplet infection, food and milk.

Ø    5. Plague or Bubonic caused by Short rod (Yersinia pestis) by Rat flea

Ø    spreads disease from rat to man.

Ø    6. Tetanus or Lock-Jaw caused by Clostridium tetani by Bacteria in soil, enter

Ø    through wound.

Ø    7. Typhoid or enteric fever caused by, Salmonella typhi by Flies, food, faces

Ø    water and carriers.

Ø    8. Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae by Flies food, stools, water and carriers.

Ø    9. Bacillary dysentery caused by short rod (Shigella dysenteriae)by Flies,

Ø    food, faeces, water and carriers.

Ø    10. Whooping cough caused by small short rod (Hemophilus pertussis) by Droplets protected during coughing and sneezing.

Ø    12. Syphilis caused by Spiral-shaped organism (Treponema pallidam) by direct contact, chiefly sexual intercourse.

Ø    13. Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium Leprae by long and close contact with infected persons.

Ø    14. Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum by organism produces poison in food.

Human Diseases Caused by Protozoans - Protozoans Diseases

Ø    1. Amoebic dysentery (Amoebiasis) caused by Entamoeba histolytica by

Ø    Transmission from man to man through ingestion of cysts in drinking water

Ø    vegetables and food contaminated with faeces.

Ø    2. Diarrhea 'Giardiasis' caused by Giardia intestinalis by Transmission from

Ø    man to man through ingestion of cysts in drinking water vegetables and food

Ø    contaminated with faces.

Ø    3. Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax by Transmitted to man by bite of an infected female        auophelise mosquito.

Ø    4. Sleeping sickness (Trypanosomiasis) caused by Trypanosoma brucei by Transmitted by bite of tse-tse fly.

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